Electronegativity Calculator
Calculate electronegativity difference and predict bond type between elements
Calculate Electronegativity & Bond Type
Electronegativity: 0.93
Electronegativity: 3.16
Electronegativity Analysis Results
Bond Properties
Element Values
Bond Characteristics
Bond Type Classification
Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Given Information
Sodium (Na): Electronegativity = 0.93
Chlorine (Cl): Electronegativity = 3.16
Compound: Sodium chloride (table salt)
Calculation
ΔEN = |χ(Cl) - χ(Na)|
ΔEN = |3.16 - 0.93|
ΔEN = 2.23
Since ΔEN ≥ 2.0 → Ionic Bond
Result Analysis
• Na loses electron → Na⁺ (cation)
• Cl gains electron → Cl⁻ (anion)
• Strong electrostatic attraction
• Forms crystalline structure
Electronegativity Extremes
Periodic Trends
Increases across periods (left to right)
Decreases down groups (top to bottom)
Highest in top-right corner (F)
Lowest in bottom-left corner (Fr)
Bond Types
Understanding Electronegativity
What is Electronegativity?
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons toward itself when it forms a chemical bond. It's a dimensionless property that helps predict how electrons are distributed in chemical bonds and determines the type of bond that will form between atoms.
Key Factors:
- • Atomic number: More protons = stronger attraction
- • Atomic radius: Smaller atoms = stronger attraction
- • Nuclear charge: Effective nuclear charge
- • Electron shielding: Inner electrons reduce attraction
Pauling Scale
Scale Properties
The most common electronegativity scale, developed by Linus Pauling, ranges from 0.7 to 4.0.
Reference Points
Fluorine (3.98) is the highest, Francium (0.70) is the lowest.
Noble Gases
Assigned value of 0 (except for Xenon and Krypton compounds).
Applications and Importance
Bond Prediction
Predicts whether atoms will form ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent bonds.
Molecular Polarity
Determines if molecules have dipole moments and polar characteristics.
Chemical Reactions
Helps predict reaction mechanisms and electron flow in organic chemistry.
Solubility
Predicts solubility patterns - "like dissolves like" principle.
Acid-Base Behavior
Influences acidity and basicity of compounds.
Material Properties
Affects melting points, boiling points, and electrical conductivity.
Electronegativity vs. Related Concepts
Electronegativity vs. Electron Affinity
Electronegativity: Attraction for electrons in bonds
Electron Affinity: Energy released when adding an electron
Related but different: EA measures energy, EN measures tendency
Electronegativity vs. Ionization Energy
Electronegativity: Attraction for bonding electrons
Ionization Energy: Energy to remove an electron
Similar trends: Both increase across periods, decrease down groups