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PISA Calculator

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area for echocardiographic assessment

PISA Parameters

📋 PISA Measurement Guide

  • • Measure PISA radius from vena contracta to furthest edge of the hemisphere
  • • Use color Doppler to visualize the convergence zone
  • • Optimize Nyquist limit to clearly define the aliasing boundary
  • • Measure at the point of maximum PISA in a single plane
cm

Distance from vena contracta to aliasing boundary

cm/s

Nyquist limit velocity at radius r

cm/s

Peak MR velocity by continuous-wave Doppler

cm

VTI of mitral regurgitant jet

PISA Calculation Results

1.57
PISA (cm²)
Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area
62.8
VFR (ml/s)
Volume Flow Rate
15.7
ERO (mm²)
Effective Regurgitant Orifice
2.4
RVol (ml/beat)
Regurgitant Volume

Mitral Regurgitation Severity

Mild
Based on ERO (0.16 cm²) and RVol (2.4 ml/beat)

Clinical Example

Case: 65-year-old with Mitral Regurgitation

Echo Findings:

  • • PISA radius: 0.9 cm
  • • Aliasing velocity: 40 cm/s
  • • Peak MR velocity: 500 cm/s
  • • VTI of MR jet: 18 cm

Calculated Results:

  • • PISA: 5.09 cm²
  • • ERO: 40.7 mm² (0.41 cm²)
  • • Regurgitant Volume: 73.3 ml/beat
  • Assessment: Severe MR
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PISA Formulas

Basic PISA

PISA = 2πr²

Volume Flow Rate

VFR = 2πr² × Vr

ERO

ERO = VFR / Vmax

Regurgitant Volume

RVol = ERO × VTI

MVA (Stenosis)

MVA = (2πr² × Vr × α/180) / Vmax

Severity Classification

Mitral Regurgitation

Mild:ERO <20 mm², RVol <30 ml
Mild-Mod:ERO 20-29 mm², RVol 30-44 ml
Mod-Sev:ERO 30-39 mm², RVol 45-59 ml
Severe:ERO ≥40 mm², RVol ≥60 ml

Mitral Stenosis

Normal:MVA 4.0-5.0 cm²
Mild:MVA 1.5-4.0 cm²
Moderate:MVA 1.0-1.5 cm²
Severe:MVA <1.0 cm²

🔧 Technical Tips

Optimization

  • • Lower Nyquist limit to enhance PISA visualization
  • • Use multiple views to find maximum PISA
  • • Ensure proper beam alignment

Common Pitfalls

  • • Eccentric jets may underestimate severity
  • • Multiple jets require separate measurements
  • • Poor image quality affects accuracy

⚕️ Medical Disclaimer

This calculator is for educational purposes only and should not replace clinical judgment.

PISA measurements require proper echocardiographic technique and should be interpreted by qualified personnel.

Always consider multiple parameters and clinical context for valve assessment.

Understanding PISA Method

What is PISA?

PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) is an echocardiographic method used to quantify valve regurgitation and stenosis based on the flow convergence principle.

Physical Principles

  • Based on conservation of mass and continuity equation
  • Blood accelerates as it approaches an orifice
  • Forms hemispheric isovelocity surfaces
  • Color Doppler aliasing defines velocity boundaries

Clinical Applications

Mitral Regurgitation

  • • Quantifies regurgitant volume and orifice area
  • • Less dependent on loading conditions
  • • Useful for surgical decision-making

Mitral Stenosis

  • • Calculates mitral valve area
  • • Alternative to pressure half-time method
  • • Especially useful in irregular rhythms

Other Applications

  • • Aortic regurgitation assessment
  • • Tricuspid regurgitation quantification
  • • Shunt flow calculations

Important Considerations

Assumptions:

  • • Hemispheric flow convergence
  • • Centrally directed jet
  • • Uniform velocity at radius r
  • • No significant acceleration proximal to PISA

Limitations:

  • • Eccentric jets may not form perfect hemispheres
  • • Multiple jets require separate calculations
  • • Angle correction needed for non-central jets
  • • Technical expertise required for accurate measurements
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