Insertion Loss Calculator

Calculate signal attenuation in two-port networks from power or voltage measurements

Calculate Insertion Loss

Power delivered to load without the network

Power delivered to load with the network

Insertion Loss Results

0.00 dB
Insertion Loss
0.0%
Transmission Efficiency
0.00×
Attenuation Factor

Formula used: IL = 10 × log₁₀(Pi / Pt)

Input values: Pi = 0.000W, Pt = 0.000W

Interpretation: No loss or gain in signal

Loss Analysis

Example Calculation

RF Filter Example

System: RF bandpass filter at 1 GHz

Input power (Pi): 12 W

Output power (Pt): 4 W

Application: Wireless communication system

Calculation

IL = 10 × log₁₀(Pi / Pt)

IL = 10 × log₁₀(12 / 4)

IL = 10 × log₁₀(3)

IL = 4.77 dB

Transmission efficiency = (4/12) × 100% = 33.3%

Common Insertion Loss Values

~

Coaxial Cables

0.1-1 dB/meter at GHz frequencies

~

RF Connectors

0.05-0.2 dB per connector

~

RF Filters

1-10 dB depending on design

~

Splitters/Combiners

3-6 dB for power division

Key Principles

Positive dB values indicate signal loss/attenuation

Negative dB values indicate signal gain/amplification

3 dB loss = 50% power reduction

10 dB loss = 90% power reduction

Insertion loss is frequency dependent

Understanding Insertion Loss

What is Insertion Loss?

Insertion loss is a measure of the signal attenuation caused by inserting a component or network into a transmission line. It quantifies how much signal power is lost when the component is added to the circuit, expressed in decibels (dB).

Common Causes

  • Ohmic losses in conductors and resistive elements
  • Dielectric losses in insulators and substrates
  • Reflection losses due to impedance mismatch
  • Radiation losses at discontinuities

Calculation Methods

Power Method: IL = 10 × log₁₀(Pi / Pt)

Voltage Method: IL = 20 × log₁₀(V2 / V1)

Applications

  • RF/Microwave: Filters, amplifiers, antennas
  • Fiber Optics: Connectors, splices, components
  • Audio: Crossovers, equalizers, cables
  • Power Systems: Transformers, transmission lines

Note: Lower insertion loss indicates better component performance and more efficient signal transmission.