Water Heating Calculator
Calculate energy required and time needed to heat water through different phases
Calculate Water Heating Energy
Amount of water to heat (1L water = 1kg)
Starting temperature of water
Target temperature of water
Power of heating device (e.g., 1800W for kettles)
Heating efficiency (typically 80-95%)
Energy Calculation Results
Energy Breakdown by Phase
Heating Time
Example: Heating Ice to Steam
Problem: Heat 1 kg of ice from -10°C to 110°C
Initial state: 1 kg ice at -10°C
Final state: 1 kg steam at 110°C
Phases involved: Ice heating → Melting → Water heating → Vaporization → Steam heating
Calculation Steps
1. Ice heating: 1 kg × 2108 J/(kg·°C) × 10°C = 21,080 J
2. Ice melting: 1 kg × 334,000 J/kg = 334,000 J
3. Water heating: 1 kg × 4190 J/(kg·°C) × 100°C = 419,000 J
4. Vaporization: 1 kg × 2,264,705 J/kg = 2,264,705 J
5. Steam heating: 1 kg × 1996 J/(kg·°C) × 10°C = 19,960 J
Total energy: 3,058,745 J = 3,059 kJ
Heat Transfer Methods
Conduction
Direct contact heat transfer
Pan on stove, ice in hand
Convection
Heat transfer through fluid motion
Boiling water, air circulation
Radiation
Electromagnetic wave transfer
Sun's heat, microwave oven
Physical Constants
Water Heating Tips
Water has high specific heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding
Phase changes require latent heat without temperature change
Heating efficiency depends on device and insulation
1 liter of water weighs approximately 1 kg
Understanding Water Heating Physics
Heat vs. Temperature
Heat is energy that transfers due to temperature differences, measured in Joules (J). Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of molecules, measured in degrees.
Specific Heat Capacity
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C. Water has a high specific heat capacity (4,190 J/(kg·°C)) due to hydrogen bonding.
Sensible Heat Formula
Q = m × c × ΔT
- Q: Heat energy (J)
- m: Mass (kg)
- c: Specific heat capacity (J/(kg·°C))
- ΔT: Temperature change (°C)
Latent Heat
Energy required for phase changes without temperature change. Ice melting and water vaporization require significant energy to break molecular bonds.
Latent Heat Formula
Q = m × L
- Q: Heat energy (J)
- m: Mass (kg)
- L: Latent heat (J/kg)
Heating Time
time = Qtotal / (efficiency × power)