Drift Velocity Calculator

Calculate the drift velocity of charge carriers in conductors and semiconductors

Calculate Drift Velocity

Electric current flowing through the conductor

Cross-sectional area of the conductor

Number of charge carriers per unit volume

Electric charge on each carrier (electrons: 1e)

Drift Velocity Results

0.000e+0
m/s
0.000e+0
mm/s
0.000e+0
cm/s
0.000e+0
km/h

Formula used: u = I / (n × A × q)

Input values: I = 0.000e+0 A, A = 0.000e+0 m², n = 0.000e+0 carriers/m³, q = 1.602e-19 C

Note: This is the average velocity of charge carriers, not the speed of electrical signal propagation

Velocity Analysis

Example Calculation

Copper Wire Example

Material: Thin copper wire

Current (I): 10 A

Cross-sectional area (A): 1 mm² = 1×10⁻⁶ m²

Number density (n): 8.5×10²⁸ electrons/m³

Charge (q): 1 elementary charge = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C

Calculation

u = I / (n × A × q)

u = 10 / (8.5×10²⁸ × 1×10⁻⁶ × 1.6×10⁻¹⁹)

u = 10 / (1.36×10⁴)

u = 7.35×10⁻⁴ m/s ≈ 0.735 mm/s

This is surprisingly slow - about 2.6 mm/hour!

Key Concepts

u

Drift Velocity

Average velocity of charge carriers

Much slower than signal propagation

I

Electric Current

Flow of electric charge

Measured in Amperes (A)

n

Number Density

Carriers per unit volume

Material-dependent property

Typical Number Densities

Copper8.5×10²⁸ /m³
Silver5.9×10²⁸ /m³
Aluminum6.0×10²⁸ /m³
Gold5.9×10²⁸ /m³
Silicon (doped)10¹⁶-10¹⁹ /m³

Quick Facts

🐌

Electrons in copper move at ~0.1 mm/s

Electrical signals travel at ~200,000 km/s

🔬

Higher current = higher drift velocity

📏

Smaller wire area = higher drift velocity

Understanding Drift Velocity

What is Drift Velocity?

Drift velocity is the average velocity that charge carriers (typically electrons) achieve in a conductor when an electric field is applied. Despite the fast response of electrical devices, individual charge carriers move surprisingly slowly.

Why is it Important?

  • Understanding current flow in conductors
  • Designing electronic components
  • Analyzing semiconductor behavior
  • Understanding material properties

Formula Explanation

u = I / (n × A × q)

  • u: Drift velocity (m/s)
  • I: Electric current (A)
  • n: Number density of charge carriers (/m³)
  • A: Cross-sectional area (m²)
  • q: Charge per carrier (C)

Key Insight: Electric signals propagate at near light speed through the electromagnetic field, while individual charge carriers move much slower.